@article{ebb1bc46978d4fc2850c2867bd452b0d,
title = "Copper smelting and refining in the Pampa de Chaparr{\'i}, Lambayeque, Peru, ca. 1030–1180 cal AD.",
abstract = "This article reconstructs the smelting and refining of copper at site 256A01 in the Pampa de Chaparr{\'i}, near Bat{\'a}n Grande, Department of Lambayeque, Peru. Two banks of furnaces were excavated, yielding calibrated radiocarbon dates between 1030 and 1180 AD (Middle Sic{\'a}n through the Early Late Sic{\'a}n period). This is the first published study from South America to have recorded evidence of copper smelting slags that were fully liquid in furnaces apparently powered by blowpipes. The copper prills produced at 256A01 contained up to 5.5% arsenic, but we have found no evidence for deliberate addition of an arsenic-bearing mineral to the furnace charge. Some of the primary copper was heavily contaminated with metallic iron, which was removed by selective reoxidation on shallow ceramic crucibles. Although there were residual sulfides in the ore, no evidence of co-smelting (reaction of copper oxides with copper sulfides) was noted.",
keywords = "Blowpipes, Copper, Peru, Sican, Slag, Smelting",
author = "David Killick and Frances Hayashida",
note = "Funding Information: This research was supported by grants from the Wenner Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research and the U.S. National Science Foundation (number BCS-0838211 ), both to Hayashida. We are most grateful to Izumi Shimada and to John Merkel for providing copies of unpublished manuscripts, and to Branden Rizzuto for information on late Moche copper working. Several anonymous reviewers wrote long and extremely helpful comments on earlier versions of this paper. Funding Information: For WD-XRF analyses Killick thanks Dr. Shadreck Chirikure and Dr. David Reid at the University of Cape Town. Dr. Ken Domanick (Lunar and Planetary Sciences Laboratory, University of Arizona) calibrated the CAMECA electron microprobe for each session, and Dr. Bob Downs (School of Geosciences, University of Arizona) provided the equipment and the training for the micro-Raman analyses. Drs. Ursel Wagner, Fritz Wagner, and Werner H{\"a}usler of the Technical University of Munich did the x-ray diffraction and M{\"o}ssbauer spectroscopy of the furnace walls. Simmonet P{\'e}rez and Lewis Borck excavated the AMP 1 furnaces at 256A01. The Museo Nacional Sic{\'a}n of Ferre{\~n}afe (and particularly, Victor Curay) provided logistical support. This research was supported by grants from the Wenner Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research and the U.S. National Science Foundation (number BCS-0838211), both to Hayashida. We are most grateful to Izumi Shimada and to John Merkel for providing copies of unpublished manuscripts, and to Branden Rizzuto for information on late Moche copper working. Several anonymous reviewers wrote long and extremely helpful comments on earlier versions of this paper. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022",
year = "2022",
month = dec,
doi = "10.1016/j.jas.2022.105687",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "148",
journal = "Journal of Archaeological Science",
issn = "0305-4403",
publisher = "Academic Press Inc.",
}