Constructing long-term proxy series for aquatic environments with absolute dating control using a sclerochronological approach: Introduction and advanced applications

The possibility of applying absolute dating techniques to annual growth increments from the hard parts of aquatic animals was examined. This was done using the theory of cross-dating, which was adopted from dendrochronological principles. Using two mollusc species as examples, the practical issues of the method were demonstrated. Empirical data were used to evaluate the different time series analysis techniques as follows. Biological growth trends were first captured from original time series using cubic splines. Dimensionless growth indices were obtained by extracting the observed growth values from the values of spline curves as ratios. The common growth signal among the index series was quantified visually and statistically. In statistical analysis, correlations between all possible pairs of indexed sample series and, alternatively, between sample series and master chronology (the average of all other remaining time series) were calculated. It was demonstrated that sample-master correlations were consistently higher than sample-sample correlations. Sclerochronologically cross-dated time series were proved to provide absolute dating of high-resolution proxy records that assessed environmental change in marine and freshwater settings. The wider applicability of the associated techniques is discussed, and it is suggested that use of the term -sclerochronology' be restricted to refer only to material or studies for which careful cross-dating has been successfully applied.