Concentrations of carotenoids, tocopherols, and retinol in paired plasma and cervical tissue of patients with cervical cancer, precancer, and noncancerous diseases

Paired blood (collected after an overnight fast) and cervical tissue (cancerous, precancerous, and noncancerous) samples were obtained from 87 patients (age, 21-86 years) who had a hysterectomy or biopsy due to cervical cancer, precancer (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia I, II, and III), or noncancerous diseases. The samples were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography for 10 micronutrients (lutein, zeaxanthin, β- cryptoxanthin, lycopene, α-carotene, β-carotene, cis-β-carotene, α- tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, and retinol). The results indicated that: (a) among the three patient groups, the mean plasma concentrations of all micronutrients except γ-tocopherol were lowest in the cancer patients; however, the mean tissue concentrations of the two tocopherols and certain carotenoids were highest in the cancerous tissue; and (b) among the 10 micronutrients, only the concentrations of β-carotene and cis-β-carotene were lower in both the plasma and tissue of cancer and precancer patients than in those of noncancer controls. These results suggest that: (a) not all of the micronutrient concentrations in plasma reflect the micronutrient concentrations in cervical tissue; thus, in some cases, it may be necessary to measure the tissue micronutrient concentrations to define the role of the micronutrients in cervical carcinogenesis; and (b) maintaining an adequate plasma and tissue concentration of β-carotene may be necessary for the prevention of cervical cancer and precancer.