Characterize Basin-Scale Subsurface Using Rocket-Triggered Lightning

This paper exploits triggered lightning as a point source for the basin-scale electromagnetic tomographic survey to image 3-D subsurface electrical properties in basins. This paper further develops a new temporal moment approach, overcoming the difficulties in forward and inverse modeling of 3-D Maxwell’s equations with heterogeneous parameter fields. Using this approach, we find that the influence of a single triggered lightning strike covers a radius of 20–70 km with detectable signals. The cross-correlation analysis between the moment difference of the electric and electric/magnetic property field indicates that the approach is suitable for mapping subsurface electric conductivity ((Formula presented.)) heterogeneity. A numerical experiment with 3-D spatially random parameter fields demonstrates that the method captures the spatial distribution of electric conductivity over large areas with a sparse monitoring network. It reveals the potential of using triggered lightning as a basin-scale electric/magnetic tomography survey.