Characteristics of planetary candidates observed by Kepler. II. Analysis of the first four months of data

William J. Borucki; David G. Koch; Gibor Basri; Natalie Batalha; Timothy M. Brown; Stephen T. Bryson; Douglas Caldwell; Jørgen Christensen-Dalsgaard; William D. Cochran; Edna DeVore; Edward W. Dunham; Thomas N. Gautier; John C. Geary; Ronald Gilliland; Alan Gould; Steve B. Howell; Jon M. Jenkins; David W. Latham; Jack J. Lissauer; Geoffrey W. Marcy; Jason Rowe; Dimitar Sasselov; Alan Boss; David Charbonneau; David Ciardi; Laurance Doyle; Andrea K. Dupree; Eric B. Ford; Jonathan Fortney; Matthew J. Holman; Sara Seager; Jason H. Steffen; Jill Tarter; William F. Welsh; Christopher Allen; Lars A. Buchhave; Jessie L. Christiansen; Bruce D. Clarke; Santanu Das; Jean Michel Désert; Michael Endl; Daniel Fabrycky; Francois Fressin; Michael Haas; Elliott Horch; Andrew Howard; Howard Isaacson; Hans Kjeldsen; Jeffery Kolodziejczak; Craig Kulesa; Jie Li; Philip W. Lucas; Pavel MacHalek; Donald McCarthy; Phillip MacQueen; Søren Meibom; Thibaut Miquel; Andrej Prsa; Samuel N. Quinn; Elisa V. Quintana; Darin Ragozzine; William Sherry; Avi Shporer; Peter Tenenbaum; Guillermo Torres; Joseph D. Twicken; Jeffrey Van Cleve; Lucianne Walkowicz; Fred C. Witteborn; Martin Still

doi:10.1088/0004-637X/736/1/19

Characteristics of planetary candidates observed by Kepler. II. Analysis of the first four months of data

William J. Borucki, David G. Koch, Gibor Basri, Natalie Batalha, Timothy M. Brown, Stephen T. Bryson, Douglas Caldwell, Jørgen Christensen-Dalsgaard, William D. Cochran, Edna DeVore, Edward W. Dunham, Thomas N. Gautier, John C. Geary, Ronald Gilliland, Alan Gould, Steve B. Howell, Jon M. Jenkins, David W. Latham, Jack J. Lissauer, Geoffrey W. MarcyJason Rowe, Dimitar Sasselov, Alan Boss, David Charbonneau, David Ciardi, Laurance Doyle, Andrea K. Dupree, Eric B. Ford, Jonathan Fortney, Matthew J. Holman, Sara Seager, Jason H. Steffen, Jill Tarter, William F. Welsh, Christopher Allen, Lars A. Buchhave, Jessie L. Christiansen, Bruce D. Clarke, Santanu Das, Jean Michel Désert, Michael Endl, Daniel Fabrycky, Francois Fressin, Michael Haas, Elliott Horch, Andrew Howard, Howard Isaacson, Hans Kjeldsen, Jeffery Kolodziejczak, Craig Kulesa, Jie Li, Philip W. Lucas, Pavel MacHalek, Donald McCarthy, Phillip MacQueen, Søren Meibom, Thibaut Miquel, Andrej Prsa, Samuel N. Quinn, Elisa V. Quintana, Darin Ragozzine, William Sherry, Avi Shporer, Peter Tenenbaum, Guillermo Torres, Joseph D. Twicken, Jeffrey Van Cleve, Lucianne Walkowicz, Fred C. Witteborn, Martin Still

Steward Observatory

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864 Scopus citations

Abstract

On 2011 February 1 the Kepler mission released data for 156,453 stars observed from the beginning of the science observations on 2009 May 2 through September 16. There are 1235 planetary candidates with transit-like signatures detected in this period. These are associated with 997 host stars. Distributions of the characteristics of the planetary candidates are separated into five class sizes: 68 candidates of approximately Earth-size (R_p < 1.25 R_⊕), 288 super-Earth-size (1.25 R_⊕ ≤ R _p < 2 R_⊕), 662 Neptune-size (2 R _⊕ ≤ R_p < 6 R_⊕), 165 Jupiter-size (6 R_⊕ ≤ R_p < 15 R _⊕), and 19 up to twice the size of Jupiter (15 R _⊕ ≤ R_p < 22 R_⊕). In the temperature range appropriate for the habitable zone, 54 candidates are found with sizes ranging from Earth-size to larger than that of Jupiter. Six are less than twice the size of the Earth. Over 74% of the planetary candidates are smaller than Neptune. The observed number versus size distribution of planetary candidates increases to a peak at two to three times the Earth-size and then declines inversely proportional to the area of the candidate. Our current best estimates of the intrinsic frequencies of planetary candidates, after correcting for geometric and sensitivity biases, are 5% for Earth-size candidates, 8% for super-Earth-size candidates, 18% for Neptune-size candidates, 2% for Jupiter-size candidates, and 0.1% for very large candidates; a total of 0.34 candidates per star. Multi-candidate, transiting systems are frequent; 17% of the host stars have multi-candidate systems, and 34% of all the candidates are part of multi-candidate systems.

Original language	English (US)
Article number	19
Journal	Astrophysical Journal
Volume	736
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/736/1/19
State	Published - Jul 20 2011

Keywords

planetary systems
planets and satellites: detection
stars: statistics
surveys

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Astronomy and Astrophysics
Space and Planetary Science

Access to Document

10.1088/0004-637X/736/1/19

Cite this

Borucki, W. J., Koch, D. G., Basri, G., Batalha, N., Brown, T. M., Bryson, S. T., Caldwell, D., Christensen-Dalsgaard, J., Cochran, W. D., DeVore, E., Dunham, E. W., Gautier, T. N., Geary, J. C., Gilliland, R., Gould, A., Howell, S. B., Jenkins, J. M., Latham, D. W., Lissauer, J. J., ... Still, M. (2011). Characteristics of planetary candidates observed by Kepler. II. Analysis of the first four months of data. Astrophysical Journal, 736(1), Article 19. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/736/1/19

Borucki, WJ, Koch, DG, Basri, G, Batalha, N, Brown, TM, Bryson, ST, Caldwell, D, Christensen-Dalsgaard, J, Cochran, WD, DeVore, E, Dunham, EW, Gautier, TN, Geary, JC, Gilliland, R, Gould, A, Howell, SB, Jenkins, JM, Latham, DW, Lissauer, JJ, Marcy, GW, Rowe, J, Sasselov, D, Boss, A, Charbonneau, D, Ciardi, D, Doyle, L, Dupree, AK, Ford, EB, Fortney, J, Holman, MJ, Seager, S, Steffen, JH, Tarter, J, Welsh, WF, Allen, C, Buchhave, LA, Christiansen, JL, Clarke, BD, Das, S, Désert, JM, Endl, M, Fabrycky, D, Fressin, F, Haas, M, Horch, E, Howard, A, Isaacson, H, Kjeldsen, H, Kolodziejczak, J, Kulesa, C, Li, J, Lucas, PW, MacHalek, P, McCarthy, D, MacQueen, P, Meibom, S, Miquel, T, Prsa, A, Quinn, SN, Quintana, EV, Ragozzine, D, Sherry, W, Shporer, A, Tenenbaum, P, Torres, G, Twicken, JD, Van Cleve, J, Walkowicz, L, Witteborn, FC & Still, M 2011, 'Characteristics of planetary candidates observed by Kepler. II. Analysis of the first four months of data', Astrophysical Journal, vol. 736, no. 1, 19. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/736/1/19

@article{6251640c64a24d5f948efd230d48909a,

title = "Characteristics of planetary candidates observed by Kepler. II. Analysis of the first four months of data",

abstract = "On 2011 February 1 the Kepler mission released data for 156,453 stars observed from the beginning of the science observations on 2009 May 2 through September 16. There are 1235 planetary candidates with transit-like signatures detected in this period. These are associated with 997 host stars. Distributions of the characteristics of the planetary candidates are separated into five class sizes: 68 candidates of approximately Earth-size (Rp < 1.25 R⊕), 288 super-Earth-size (1.25 R⊕ ≤ R p < 2 R⊕), 662 Neptune-size (2 R ⊕ ≤ Rp < 6 R⊕), 165 Jupiter-size (6 R⊕ ≤ Rp < 15 R ⊕), and 19 up to twice the size of Jupiter (15 R ⊕ ≤ Rp < 22 R⊕). In the temperature range appropriate for the habitable zone, 54 candidates are found with sizes ranging from Earth-size to larger than that of Jupiter. Six are less than twice the size of the Earth. Over 74% of the planetary candidates are smaller than Neptune. The observed number versus size distribution of planetary candidates increases to a peak at two to three times the Earth-size and then declines inversely proportional to the area of the candidate. Our current best estimates of the intrinsic frequencies of planetary candidates, after correcting for geometric and sensitivity biases, are 5% for Earth-size candidates, 8% for super-Earth-size candidates, 18% for Neptune-size candidates, 2% for Jupiter-size candidates, and 0.1% for very large candidates; a total of 0.34 candidates per star. Multi-candidate, transiting systems are frequent; 17% of the host stars have multi-candidate systems, and 34% of all the candidates are part of multi-candidate systems.",

keywords = "planetary systems, planets and satellites: detection, stars: statistics, surveys",

author = "Borucki, {William J.} and Koch, {David G.} and Gibor Basri and Natalie Batalha and Brown, {Timothy M.} and Bryson, {Stephen T.} and Douglas Caldwell and J{\o}rgen Christensen-Dalsgaard and Cochran, {William D.} and Edna DeVore and Dunham, {Edward W.} and Gautier, {Thomas N.} and Geary, {John C.} and Ronald Gilliland and Alan Gould and Howell, {Steve B.} and Jenkins, {Jon M.} and Latham, {David W.} and Lissauer, {Jack J.} and Marcy, {Geoffrey W.} and Jason Rowe and Dimitar Sasselov and Alan Boss and David Charbonneau and David Ciardi and Laurance Doyle and Dupree, {Andrea K.} and Ford, {Eric B.} and Jonathan Fortney and Holman, {Matthew J.} and Sara Seager and Steffen, {Jason H.} and Jill Tarter and Welsh, {William F.} and Christopher Allen and Buchhave, {Lars A.} and Christiansen, {Jessie L.} and Clarke, {Bruce D.} and Santanu Das and D{\'e}sert, {Jean Michel} and Michael Endl and Daniel Fabrycky and Francois Fressin and Michael Haas and Elliott Horch and Andrew Howard and Howard Isaacson and Hans Kjeldsen and Jeffery Kolodziejczak and Craig Kulesa and Jie Li and Lucas, {Philip W.} and Pavel MacHalek and Donald McCarthy and Phillip MacQueen and S{\o}ren Meibom and Thibaut Miquel and Andrej Prsa and Quinn, {Samuel N.} and Quintana, {Elisa V.} and Darin Ragozzine and William Sherry and Avi Shporer and Peter Tenenbaum and Guillermo Torres and Twicken, {Joseph D.} and {Van Cleve}, Jeffrey and Lucianne Walkowicz and Witteborn, {Fred C.} and Martin Still",

year = "2011",

month = jul,

day = "20",

doi = "10.1088/0004-637X/736/1/19",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "736",

journal = "Astrophysical Journal",

issn = "0004-637X",

publisher = "American Astronomical Society",

number = "1",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Characteristics of planetary candidates observed by Kepler. II. Analysis of the first four months of data

AU - Borucki, William J.

AU - Koch, David G.

AU - Basri, Gibor

AU - Batalha, Natalie

AU - Brown, Timothy M.

AU - Bryson, Stephen T.

AU - Caldwell, Douglas

AU - Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jørgen

AU - Cochran, William D.

AU - DeVore, Edna

AU - Dunham, Edward W.

AU - Gautier, Thomas N.

AU - Geary, John C.

AU - Gilliland, Ronald

AU - Gould, Alan

AU - Howell, Steve B.

AU - Jenkins, Jon M.

AU - Latham, David W.

AU - Lissauer, Jack J.

AU - Marcy, Geoffrey W.

AU - Rowe, Jason

AU - Sasselov, Dimitar

AU - Boss, Alan

AU - Charbonneau, David

AU - Ciardi, David

AU - Doyle, Laurance

AU - Dupree, Andrea K.

AU - Ford, Eric B.

AU - Fortney, Jonathan

AU - Holman, Matthew J.

AU - Seager, Sara

AU - Steffen, Jason H.

AU - Tarter, Jill

AU - Welsh, William F.

AU - Allen, Christopher

AU - Buchhave, Lars A.

AU - Christiansen, Jessie L.

AU - Clarke, Bruce D.

AU - Das, Santanu

AU - Désert, Jean Michel

AU - Endl, Michael

AU - Fabrycky, Daniel

AU - Fressin, Francois

AU - Haas, Michael

AU - Horch, Elliott

AU - Howard, Andrew

AU - Isaacson, Howard

AU - Kjeldsen, Hans

AU - Kolodziejczak, Jeffery

AU - Kulesa, Craig

AU - Li, Jie

AU - Lucas, Philip W.

AU - MacHalek, Pavel

AU - McCarthy, Donald

AU - MacQueen, Phillip

AU - Meibom, Søren

AU - Miquel, Thibaut

AU - Prsa, Andrej

AU - Quinn, Samuel N.

AU - Quintana, Elisa V.

AU - Ragozzine, Darin

AU - Sherry, William

AU - Shporer, Avi

AU - Tenenbaum, Peter

AU - Torres, Guillermo

AU - Twicken, Joseph D.

AU - Van Cleve, Jeffrey

AU - Walkowicz, Lucianne

AU - Witteborn, Fred C.

AU - Still, Martin

PY - 2011/7/20

Y1 - 2011/7/20

N2 - On 2011 February 1 the Kepler mission released data for 156,453 stars observed from the beginning of the science observations on 2009 May 2 through September 16. There are 1235 planetary candidates with transit-like signatures detected in this period. These are associated with 997 host stars. Distributions of the characteristics of the planetary candidates are separated into five class sizes: 68 candidates of approximately Earth-size (Rp < 1.25 R⊕), 288 super-Earth-size (1.25 R⊕ ≤ R p < 2 R⊕), 662 Neptune-size (2 R ⊕ ≤ Rp < 6 R⊕), 165 Jupiter-size (6 R⊕ ≤ Rp < 15 R ⊕), and 19 up to twice the size of Jupiter (15 R ⊕ ≤ Rp < 22 R⊕). In the temperature range appropriate for the habitable zone, 54 candidates are found with sizes ranging from Earth-size to larger than that of Jupiter. Six are less than twice the size of the Earth. Over 74% of the planetary candidates are smaller than Neptune. The observed number versus size distribution of planetary candidates increases to a peak at two to three times the Earth-size and then declines inversely proportional to the area of the candidate. Our current best estimates of the intrinsic frequencies of planetary candidates, after correcting for geometric and sensitivity biases, are 5% for Earth-size candidates, 8% for super-Earth-size candidates, 18% for Neptune-size candidates, 2% for Jupiter-size candidates, and 0.1% for very large candidates; a total of 0.34 candidates per star. Multi-candidate, transiting systems are frequent; 17% of the host stars have multi-candidate systems, and 34% of all the candidates are part of multi-candidate systems.

AB - On 2011 February 1 the Kepler mission released data for 156,453 stars observed from the beginning of the science observations on 2009 May 2 through September 16. There are 1235 planetary candidates with transit-like signatures detected in this period. These are associated with 997 host stars. Distributions of the characteristics of the planetary candidates are separated into five class sizes: 68 candidates of approximately Earth-size (Rp < 1.25 R⊕), 288 super-Earth-size (1.25 R⊕ ≤ R p < 2 R⊕), 662 Neptune-size (2 R ⊕ ≤ Rp < 6 R⊕), 165 Jupiter-size (6 R⊕ ≤ Rp < 15 R ⊕), and 19 up to twice the size of Jupiter (15 R ⊕ ≤ Rp < 22 R⊕). In the temperature range appropriate for the habitable zone, 54 candidates are found with sizes ranging from Earth-size to larger than that of Jupiter. Six are less than twice the size of the Earth. Over 74% of the planetary candidates are smaller than Neptune. The observed number versus size distribution of planetary candidates increases to a peak at two to three times the Earth-size and then declines inversely proportional to the area of the candidate. Our current best estimates of the intrinsic frequencies of planetary candidates, after correcting for geometric and sensitivity biases, are 5% for Earth-size candidates, 8% for super-Earth-size candidates, 18% for Neptune-size candidates, 2% for Jupiter-size candidates, and 0.1% for very large candidates; a total of 0.34 candidates per star. Multi-candidate, transiting systems are frequent; 17% of the host stars have multi-candidate systems, and 34% of all the candidates are part of multi-candidate systems.

KW - planetary systems

KW - planets and satellites: detection

KW - stars: statistics

KW - surveys

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U2 - 10.1088/0004-637X/736/1/19

DO - 10.1088/0004-637X/736/1/19

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VL - 736

JO - Astrophysical Journal

JF - Astrophysical Journal

IS - 1

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ER -

Characteristics of planetary candidates observed by Kepler. II. Analysis of the first four months of data

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Characteristics of planetary candidates observed by Kepler. II. Analysis of the first four months of data

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