Capturing Vegetation Gradients Along the West African Margin Using Terrestrial Plant Biomarkers in Marine Sediments

Understanding the transport mechanisms of terrestrial biomarkers to marine sediments is critical for interpreting past environmental and climate changes from these valuable archives. Here, we produce new estimates of two classes of terrestrial plant biomarkers, n-alkane waxes and pentacyclic triterpene methyl ethers (PTMEs), from a transect of marine core top sediments that span the full length of the West African margin. We determine the chain length distributions, mass accumulation rates, carbon isotope signatures (δ¹³C) of n-alkanes and the mass accumulation rates of PTMEs and assess the extent to which these proxy characteristics reflect vegetation and climate patterns within source areas on adjacent land. We achieve this via comparisons with a variety of satellite-based vegetation and climate data sets and with atmospheric back trajectory and river basin estimates. The mass accumulation rate of grass-produced PTMEs to core top marine sediments shows good spatial agreement with the presence of C₄ grasses on land and appears to have shorter transport distances than n-alkanes. The mass accumulation rate of n-alkanes roughly corresponds to changes in the landscape net primary productivity. The δ¹³C signature of n-alkanes records changes in landscape C₃ versus C₄ vegetation balance while longer chain length n-alkane distributions indicate drier conditions and grassier vegetation. Apparent discrepancies between the zonal distribution of biomarkers in the marine sediments versus the observed vegetation patterns can mostly be explained by the influence of long-range atmospheric transport, with modest contributions from river inputs.