Built-in potential in conjugated polymer diodes with changing anode work function: Interfacial states and deviation from the schottky-mott limit

We use electroabsorption spectroscopy to measure the change in built-in potential (V _BI) across the polymer photoactive layer in diodes where indium tin oxide electrodes are systematically modified using dipolar phosphonic acid self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with various dipole moments. We find that V _BI scales linearly with the work function (φ) of the SAM-modified electrode over a wide range when using a solution-coated poly(p-phenylenevinylene) derivative as the active layer. However, we measure an interfacial parameter of S = eδV _BI/δφ < 1, suggesting that these ITO/SAM/polymer interfaces deviate from the Schottky-Mott limit, in contrast to what has previously been reported for a number of ambient-processed organic-on-electrode systems. Our results suggest that the energetics at these ITO/SAM/polymer interfaces behave more like metal/organic interfaces previously studied in UHV despite being processed from solution.