TY - JOUR
T1 - Black Hole Images as Tests of General Relativity
T2 - Effects of Spacetime Geometry
AU - Younsi, Ziri
AU - Psaltis, Dimitrios
AU - Özel, Feryal
N1 - Funding Information:
Z.Y. is supported by a UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) Stephen Hawking Fellowship and acknowledges partial support from a Leverhulme Trust Early Career Fellowship. D.P. and F.Ö. acknowledge support from NSF PIRE award OISE-1743747, NSF AST-1715061, and NASA ATP award 80NSSC20K0521. We thank Monika Mościbrodzka, Lia Medeiros, Mariafelicia de Laurentis, and all members of the Gravitational Physics Working Group of the EHT, for helpful discussions and comments. We thank the referee for carefully reading the manuscript and providing valuable comments. This research has made use of NASA’s Astrophysics Data System.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2023. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.
PY - 2023/1/1
Y1 - 2023/1/1
N2 - The images of supermassive black holes surrounded by optically thin, radiatively inefficient accretion flows, like those observed with the Event Horizon Telescope, are characterized by a bright ring of emission surrounding the black hole shadow. In the Kerr spacetime, this bright ring, when narrow, closely traces the boundary of the shadow and can, with appropriate calibration, serve as its proxy. The present paper expands the validity of this statement by considering two particular spacetime geometries: a solution to the field equations of a modified gravity theory and another that parametrically deviates from Kerr but recovers the Kerr spacetime when its deviation parameters vanish. A covariant, axisymmetric analytic model of the accretion flow based on conservation laws and spanning a broad range of plasma conditions is utilized to calculate synthetic non-Kerr black hole images, which are then analyzed and characterized. We find that in all spacetimes: (i) it is the gravitationally lensed unstable photon orbit that plays the critical role in establishing the diameter of the rings observed in black hole images, not the event horizon or the innermost stable circular orbit, (ii) bright rings in these images scale in size with, and encompass, the boundaries of the black hole shadows, even when deviating significantly from Kerr, and (iii) uncertainties in the physical properties of the accreting plasma introduce subdominant corrections to the relation between the diameter of the image and the diameter of the black hole shadow. These results provide important new theoretical justification for using black hole images to probe and test the spacetimes of supermassive black holes.
AB - The images of supermassive black holes surrounded by optically thin, radiatively inefficient accretion flows, like those observed with the Event Horizon Telescope, are characterized by a bright ring of emission surrounding the black hole shadow. In the Kerr spacetime, this bright ring, when narrow, closely traces the boundary of the shadow and can, with appropriate calibration, serve as its proxy. The present paper expands the validity of this statement by considering two particular spacetime geometries: a solution to the field equations of a modified gravity theory and another that parametrically deviates from Kerr but recovers the Kerr spacetime when its deviation parameters vanish. A covariant, axisymmetric analytic model of the accretion flow based on conservation laws and spanning a broad range of plasma conditions is utilized to calculate synthetic non-Kerr black hole images, which are then analyzed and characterized. We find that in all spacetimes: (i) it is the gravitationally lensed unstable photon orbit that plays the critical role in establishing the diameter of the rings observed in black hole images, not the event horizon or the innermost stable circular orbit, (ii) bright rings in these images scale in size with, and encompass, the boundaries of the black hole shadows, even when deviating significantly from Kerr, and (iii) uncertainties in the physical properties of the accreting plasma introduce subdominant corrections to the relation between the diameter of the image and the diameter of the black hole shadow. These results provide important new theoretical justification for using black hole images to probe and test the spacetimes of supermassive black holes.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85146522285&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85146522285&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3847/1538-4357/aca58a
DO - 10.3847/1538-4357/aca58a
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85146522285
SN - 0004-637X
VL - 942
JO - Astrophysical Journal
JF - Astrophysical Journal
IS - 1
M1 - 47
ER -