Biomimetic liposomes in drug delivery: from design mechanisms to applications

Recent advancements in nanocarriers, particularly liposomes, have shown promising prospects for enhancing the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs. However, liposome-based drug delivery systems are often constrained by high immunogenicity, poor targeting efficiency, and limited functional capabilities. In this context, the exploration of biomimetic liposomes has revealed their potential in targeted therapy, immune camouflage, immune modulation, gene delivery and vaccine development. By integrating the beneficial features of functional molecules and natural cell membrane components with the unique properties of liposomes, biomimetic liposomes have demonstrated considerable promise in drug delivery. This review aims to emphasize recent progress in biomimetic liposomes and systematically elucidate their design mechanisms and preparation methods. Additionally, it provides a comprehensive overview of the current applications of biomimetic liposomes as an innovative drug delivery platform, with the goal of advancing knowledge for their effective utilization.