TY - JOUR
T1 - Attribution of Snowpack Errors to Simulated Temperature and Precipitation in E3SMv1 Over the Contiguous United States
AU - Brunke, Michael A.
AU - Welty, Joshua
AU - Zeng, Xubin
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by the DOE ESM Program (DE-SC0016533 and through the LLNL subcontract B639244). Two anonymous reviewers are thanked for their helpful comments that substantially improved this paper. Additionally, Ms. Lauren Cutler is thanked for proofreading the manuscript.
Funding Information:
This work was supported by the DOE ESM Program (DE‐SC0016533 and through the LLNL subcontract B639244). Two anonymous reviewers are thanked for their helpful comments that substantially improved this paper. Additionally, Ms. Lauren Cutler is thanked for proofreading the manuscript.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 The Authors. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Geophysical Union.
PY - 2021/10
Y1 - 2021/10
N2 - Snow water equivalent (SWE), temperature, and precipitation biases and trends are evaluated in the atmosphere-land simulations of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model version 1 (E3SMv1) in comparison to the Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2) and two other models using the ground measurement-based University of Arizona (UA) snow product. SWE, temperature, and precipitation biases are highest in magnitude in the Western contiguous United States (CONUS). SWE errors are attributed to temperature and precipitation through multiple linear regressions of normalized errors, the coefficients of which represent the sensitivities to temperature and precipitation errors. SWE errors are more sensitive to temperature errors throughout the CONUS. Model SWE and temperature trends are generally opposite from UA product trends in the Western CONUS. SWE trend errors are also attributed to temperature and precipitation trend errors using multiple linear regressions of normalized trend errors. SWE trend errors are more sensitive to those of precipitation at higher elevations (>1,500 m) in the Western CONUS in these simulations. Thus, the sensitivity to temperature and precipitation differ for SWE errors and its trend errors. Furthermore, the SWE trend errors are more sensitive to temperature and precipitation in the atmosphere-ocean coupled simulations in which the atmosphere-land is coupled to an active ocean model. These results suggest that both errors in simulated temperature and precipitation contribute to SWE errors.
AB - Snow water equivalent (SWE), temperature, and precipitation biases and trends are evaluated in the atmosphere-land simulations of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model version 1 (E3SMv1) in comparison to the Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2) and two other models using the ground measurement-based University of Arizona (UA) snow product. SWE, temperature, and precipitation biases are highest in magnitude in the Western contiguous United States (CONUS). SWE errors are attributed to temperature and precipitation through multiple linear regressions of normalized errors, the coefficients of which represent the sensitivities to temperature and precipitation errors. SWE errors are more sensitive to temperature errors throughout the CONUS. Model SWE and temperature trends are generally opposite from UA product trends in the Western CONUS. SWE trend errors are also attributed to temperature and precipitation trend errors using multiple linear regressions of normalized trend errors. SWE trend errors are more sensitive to those of precipitation at higher elevations (>1,500 m) in the Western CONUS in these simulations. Thus, the sensitivity to temperature and precipitation differ for SWE errors and its trend errors. Furthermore, the SWE trend errors are more sensitive to temperature and precipitation in the atmosphere-ocean coupled simulations in which the atmosphere-land is coupled to an active ocean model. These results suggest that both errors in simulated temperature and precipitation contribute to SWE errors.
KW - contiguous United States
KW - earth system models
KW - error attribution
KW - snow water equivalent
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U2 - 10.1029/2021MS002640
DO - 10.1029/2021MS002640
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85118267484
VL - 13
JO - Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems
JF - Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems
SN - 1942-2466
IS - 10
M1 - e2021MS002640
ER -