TY - JOUR
T1 - Assessment of virus removal by managed aquifer recharge at three full-scale operations
AU - Betancourt, Walter Q.
AU - Kitajima, Masaaki
AU - Wing, Alexandre D.
AU - Regnery, Julia
AU - Drewes, Jörg E.
AU - Pepper, Ian L.
AU - Gerba, Charles P.
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors thank the WateReuse Research Foundation (WRRF) for its financial, technical, and administrative assistance in funding and managing the project through which this information was derived. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Water Replenishment District of Southern California, the County Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County, Aurora Water and Tucson Water for its financial and technical support. Walter Betancourt was the recipient of a Fulbright fellowship while involved in this project. Masaaki Kitajima was under the sponsorship of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) through JSPS Postdoctoral Fellowships for Research Abroad program for part of this study.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
PY - 2014/12/20
Y1 - 2014/12/20
N2 - Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) systems such as riverbank filtration and soil-aquifer treatment all involve the use of natural subsurface systems to improve the quality of recharged water (i.e. surface water, stormwater, reclaimed water) before reuse. During MAR, water is either infiltrated via basins, subsurface injected or abstracted from wells adjacent to rivers. The goal of this study was to assess the removal of selected enteric viruses and a potential surrogate for virus removal at three full-scale MAR systems located in different regions of the United States (Arizona, Colorado, and California). Samples of source water (i.e., river water receiving treated wastewater and reclaimed water) before recharge and recovered groundwater at all three sites were tested for adenoviruses, enteroviruses, Aichi viruses and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Samples of groundwater positive for any virus were also tested for the presence of infectious virus by cell culture. PMMoV was the most commonly detected virus in the groundwater samples. Infectious enteric viruses (reovirus) were only detected in one groundwater sample with a subsurface residence time of 5 days. The results suggested that in groundwater with a residence time of greater than 14 days all of the viruses are removed below detection indicating a 1 to greater than 5 log removal depending upon the type of virus. Given its behavior, PMMoV may be suitable to serve as a conservative tracer of enteric virus removal in managed aquifer treatment systems.
AB - Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) systems such as riverbank filtration and soil-aquifer treatment all involve the use of natural subsurface systems to improve the quality of recharged water (i.e. surface water, stormwater, reclaimed water) before reuse. During MAR, water is either infiltrated via basins, subsurface injected or abstracted from wells adjacent to rivers. The goal of this study was to assess the removal of selected enteric viruses and a potential surrogate for virus removal at three full-scale MAR systems located in different regions of the United States (Arizona, Colorado, and California). Samples of source water (i.e., river water receiving treated wastewater and reclaimed water) before recharge and recovered groundwater at all three sites were tested for adenoviruses, enteroviruses, Aichi viruses and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Samples of groundwater positive for any virus were also tested for the presence of infectious virus by cell culture. PMMoV was the most commonly detected virus in the groundwater samples. Infectious enteric viruses (reovirus) were only detected in one groundwater sample with a subsurface residence time of 5 days. The results suggested that in groundwater with a residence time of greater than 14 days all of the viruses are removed below detection indicating a 1 to greater than 5 log removal depending upon the type of virus. Given its behavior, PMMoV may be suitable to serve as a conservative tracer of enteric virus removal in managed aquifer treatment systems.
KW - Bank filtration
KW - groundwater
KW - managed aquifer recharge
KW - pathogen inactivation
KW - pathogen tracers
KW - pepper mild mottle virus
KW - viruses
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U2 - 10.1080/10934529.2014.951233
DO - 10.1080/10934529.2014.951233
M3 - Article
C2 - 25320855
AN - SCOPUS:84908042304
SN - 1093-4529
VL - 49
SP - 1685
EP - 1692
JO - Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering
JF - Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering
IS - 14
ER -