@article{6815cc41e730497fa34726affc911c8c,
title = "An Ice Age JWST inventory of dense molecular cloud ices",
abstract = "Icy grain mantles are the main reservoir of the volatile elements that link chemical processes in dark, interstellar clouds with the formation of planets and the composition of their atmospheres. The initial ice composition is set in the cold, dense parts of molecular clouds, before the onset of star formation. With the exquisite sensitivity of the James Webb Space Telescope, this critical stage of ice evolution is now accessible for detailed study. Here we show initial results of the Early Release Science programme Ice Age that reveal the rich composition of these dense cloud ices. Weak ice features, including 13CO2, OCN−, 13CO, OCS and complex organic molecule functional groups, are now detected along two pre-stellar lines of sight. The 12CO2 ice profile indicates modest growth of the icy grains. Column densities of the major and minor ice species indicate that ices contribute between 2% and 19% of the bulk budgets of the key C, O, N and S elements. Our results suggest that the formation of simple and complex molecules could begin early in a water-ice-rich environment.",
author = "McClure, {M. K.} and Rocha, {W. R.M.} and Pontoppidan, {K. M.} and N. Crouzet and Chu, {L. E.U.} and E. Dartois and T. Lamberts and Noble, {J. A.} and Pendleton, {Y. J.} and G. Perotti and D. Qasim and Rachid, {M. G.} and Smith, {Z. L.} and Fengwu Sun and Beck, {Tracy L.} and Boogert, {A. C.A.} and Brown, {W. A.} and P. Caselli and Charnley, {S. B.} and Cuppen, {Herma M.} and H. Dickinson and Drozdovskaya, {M. N.} and E. Egami and J. Erkal and H. Fraser and Garrod, {R. T.} and D. Harsono and S. Ioppolo and I. Jim{\'e}nez-Serra and M. Jin and J{\o}rgensen, {J. K.} and Kristensen, {L. E.} and Lis, {D. C.} and McCoustra, {M. R.S.} and McGuire, {Brett A.} and Melnick, {G. J.} and {\"O}berg, {Karin I.} and Palumbo, {M. E.} and T. Shimonishi and Sturm, {J. A.} and {van Dishoeck}, {E. F.} and H. Linnartz",
note = "Funding Information: The Ice Age Early Release Science team thanks the support team at STScI (W. Januszewski, B. Sargent, N. Pirzkal and M. Engesser) for their technical suggestions and improvements to the programme since 2017. M.K.M. acknowledges financial support from the Dutch Research Council (NWO; grant VI.Veni.192.241). M.G.R. acknowleges support from the Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA). S.I., H.L. and E.F.v.D. acknowledge support from the Danish National Research Foundation through the Center of Excellence {\textquoteleft}InterCat{\textquoteright} (grant agreement number DNRF150). E.F.v.D. acknowledges support from ERC grant 101019751 MOLDISK. The research of L.E.K. is supported by a research grant (19127) from VILLUM FONDEN. Part of this research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (D.C.L.). F.S. acknowledges funding from JWST/NIRCam contract to the University of Arizona, NAS5-02105. A.C.A.B. acknowledges support from the Space Telescope Science Institute for programme JWST-ERS-01309.019. J.E. acknowledges support from the Space Telescope Science Institute for programme JWST-ERS-01309.019. L.E.U.C.{\textquoteright}s research was supported by an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at the NASA Ames Research Center, administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities under contract with NASA. D.H. is supported by Center for Informatics and Computation in Astronomy (CICA) grant and grant number 110J0353I9 from the Ministry of Education of Taiwan. D.H. acknowledges support from the National Technology and Science Council of Taiwan through grant number 111B3005191. M.N.D. acknowledges the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) Ambizione grant number 180079, the Center for Space and Habitability (CSH) Fellowship, and the IAU Gruber Foundation Fellowship. I.J.-S. acknowledges financial support from grant number PID2019-105552RB-C41 by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation/State Agency of Research MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. This work was supported by a grant from the Simons Foundation (686302, K.I.{\"O}.) and an award from the Simons Foundation (321183FY19, K.I.{\"O}.). J.K.J. acknowledges support from the Independent Research Fund Denmark (grant number 0135-00123B). Z.L.S. acknowledges financial support from the Royal Astronomical Society through the E. A. Milne Travelling Fellowship. J.A.N. and E.D. acknowledge support from French Programme National {\textquoteleft}Physique et Chimie du Milieu Interstellaire{\textquoteright} (PCMI) of the CNRS/INSU with the INC/INP, co-funded by the CEA and the CNES. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.",
year = "2023",
month = apr,
doi = "10.1038/s41550-022-01875-w",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "7",
pages = "431--443",
journal = "Nature Astronomy",
issn = "2397-3366",
publisher = "Nature Publishing Group",
number = "4",
}