TY - JOUR
T1 - An APEX search for carbon emission from NGC 1977 proplyds
AU - Haworth, Thomas J.
AU - Kim, Jinyoung S.
AU - Qiao, Lin
AU - Winter, Andrew J.
AU - Williams, Jonathan P.
AU - Clarke, Cathie J.
AU - Owen, James E.
AU - Facchini, Stefano
AU - Ansdell, Megan
AU - Kama, Mikhel
AU - Ballabio, Giulia
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank the referee for their time and effort in providing valuable comments on the manuscript. This publication is based on data acquired with the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment ( APEX ) under programme ID 108.21WZ. APEX is a collaboration between the Max-Planck-Institut fur Ra- dioastronomie, the European Southern Observatory, and the Onsala Space Observatory. The authors are extremely grateful to the Carlos De Breuck and Michele Ginolfiwho undertook the observations at APEX and provided guidance and clear and rapid communication during the observing. TJH is funded by a Royal Society Dorothy Hodgkin Fellowship. CJC acknowledge support from the STFC consolidated grant ST/S000623/1. This work has also been supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska Curie grant agreement no. 823823 (DUST- BUSTERS). JEO is supported by a Royal Society University Research Fellow- ship. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 853022, ERC-STG- 2019 grant, PEVAP). This work utilized the DiRAC Data Intensive service at Leicester, operated by the University of Leicester IT Services, which forms a part of the STFC DiRAC HPC Facility ( www.dirac.ac.uk). The equipment was funded by BEIS capital funding via STFC capital grants ST/K000373/1 and ST/R002363/1 and STFC DiRAC Op- erations grant ST/R001014/1. DiRAC is a part of the National e- Infrastructure.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 The Author(s).
PY - 2022/5/1
Y1 - 2022/5/1
N2 - We used the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) telescope to search for C I 1-0 (492.16 GHz) emission towards eight proplyds in NGC 1977, which is an FUV radiation environment two orders of magnitude weaker than that irradiating the Orion Nebular Cluster (ONC) proplyds. C I is expected to enable us to probe the wind launching region of externally photo-evaporating discs. Of the eight targets observed, no 3σ detections of the C I line were made despite reaching sensitivities deeper than the anticipated requirement for detection from prior APEX CI observations of nearby discs and models of external photo-evaporation of quite massive discs. By comparing both the proplyd mass loss rates and C I flux constraints with a large grid of external photo-evaporation simulations, we determine that the non-detections are in fact fully consistent with the models if the proplyd discs are very low mass. Deeper observations in C I and probes of the disc mass with other tracers (e.g. in the continuum and CO) can test this. If such a test finds higher masses, this would imply carbon depletion in the outer disc, as has been proposed for other discs with surprisingly low C I fluxes, though more massive discs would also be incompatible with models that can explain the observed mass loss rates and C I non-detections. The expected remaining lifetimes of the proplyds are estimated to be similar to those of proplyds in the ONC at 0.1 Myr. Rapid destruction of discs is therefore also a feature of common, intermediate UV environments.
AB - We used the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) telescope to search for C I 1-0 (492.16 GHz) emission towards eight proplyds in NGC 1977, which is an FUV radiation environment two orders of magnitude weaker than that irradiating the Orion Nebular Cluster (ONC) proplyds. C I is expected to enable us to probe the wind launching region of externally photo-evaporating discs. Of the eight targets observed, no 3σ detections of the C I line were made despite reaching sensitivities deeper than the anticipated requirement for detection from prior APEX CI observations of nearby discs and models of external photo-evaporation of quite massive discs. By comparing both the proplyd mass loss rates and C I flux constraints with a large grid of external photo-evaporation simulations, we determine that the non-detections are in fact fully consistent with the models if the proplyd discs are very low mass. Deeper observations in C I and probes of the disc mass with other tracers (e.g. in the continuum and CO) can test this. If such a test finds higher masses, this would imply carbon depletion in the outer disc, as has been proposed for other discs with surprisingly low C I fluxes, though more massive discs would also be incompatible with models that can explain the observed mass loss rates and C I non-detections. The expected remaining lifetimes of the proplyds are estimated to be similar to those of proplyds in the ONC at 0.1 Myr. Rapid destruction of discs is therefore also a feature of common, intermediate UV environments.
KW - accretion, accretion discs
KW - circumstellar matter
KW - planets and satellites: formation
KW - protoplanetary discs
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85128428954&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85128428954&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1093/mnras/stac656
DO - 10.1093/mnras/stac656
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85128428954
SN - 0035-8711
VL - 512
SP - 2594
EP - 2603
JO - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
JF - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
IS - 2
ER -