Aggressive cutaneous T-cell lymphomas after TNFα blockade

Pharmacologic blockade of TNFα has been a highly effective approach to treating several immunologically mediated diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and psoriatic arthritis.^1,2,3 Both etanercept, the recombinant extracellular domain of the tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2), and infliximab, a humanized murine antibody, bind TNFα and block its interaction with cell surface receptors. Recently, it has become clear that blockade of TNFα action is profoundly immunosuppressive, and may result in reactivation of tuberculosis and histoplasmosis, as well as the emergence of B-cell lymphomas.^4,5,6 In this report, we describe two cases of cutaneous and systemic T-cell lymphoma that progressed rapidly in the setting of TNFα blockade. Both cases were characterized by rapid onset, a fulminant clinical course with extensive cutaneous and systemic involvement, and death within months of diagnosis.