Adverse Childhood Experiences and Depressive Symptoms Among Older Korean Americans in Affordable Senior Housing: The Moderating Role of Social Networks and Family Solidarity

Despite growing evidence of the long-term mental health effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), little is known about protective factors that buffer this relationship among older adults. This study examined personal (e.g., sense of mastery), interpersonal (e.g., social networks and family solidarity), and community (e.g., social cohesion) resources as potential moderators of the association between ACEs and depressive symptoms among older Korean Americans residing in affordable senior housing. Survey data from 315 residents (mean age = 79.4) revealed significant interactions between ACEs and both social networks and family solidarity: stronger social and familial ties buffered the adverse effects of ACEs on depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that close social and family connections serve as key coping resources rooted in Korean cultural values. The study underscores the importance of fostering relationships in senior housing programs that promote engagement, peer support, and family involvement for individuals affected by ACEs.