Advances in Upper Extremity Musculoskeletal Ultrasound

In this article, we review the recent updates in the use of musculoskeletal ultrasound for the evaluation of pathology involving the upper extremity, including the shoulder, elbow, and wrist. We discuss the value of dynamic ultrasound evaluation in the setting of cubital tunnel syndrome and glenohumeral instability while addressing the emerging concept of the glenoid track. Clinical use of compressive sonoelastography will be introduced with emphasis on its utility in the diagnosis of lateral epicondylitis and carpal tunnel syndrome. Through the course of this discussion, we will touch upon future research topics and challenges to clinical implementation.