TY - JOUR
T1 - Adsorption and attenuation behavior of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) in eleven soils
AU - Mark, Noah
AU - Arthur, Jennifer
AU - Dontsova, Katerina
AU - Brusseau, Mark
AU - Taylor, Susan
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was funded by the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, SERDP , project ER-2220 . We are grateful to Anthony Di Stasio and Erika Rivera, US Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center (ARDEC), Picatinny Arsenal for providing NTO; Bonnie M. Packer, Rosa Gwinn, Lisa DeGrazia, Bethany Keller, Jessica Milose, Amibeth Sheridan, Laurie Stenberg, Sarah Gettier, Army National Guard–Environmental Directorate and URS Corporation, Germantown, MD and Mike Heitmann, CH2M HILL Englewood, CO for collecting soils used in the experiments on Army National Guard installations.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2015 Elsevier Ltd.
PY - 2016/2/1
Y1 - 2016/2/1
N2 - NTO (3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one) is one of the new explosive compounds used in insensitive munitions (IM) developed to replace traditional explosives, TNT and RDX. Data on NTO fate and transport is needed to determine its environmental behavior and potential for groundwater contamination. We conducted a series of kinetic and equilibrium batch experiments to characterize the fate of NTO in soils and the effect of soil geochemical properties on NTO-soil interactions. A set of experiments was also conducted using sterilized soils to evaluate the contribution of biodegradation to NTO attenuation. Measured pH values for NTO solutions decreased from 5.98 ± 0.13 to 3.50 ± 0.06 with increase in NTO concentration from 0.78 to 100 mg L-1. Conversely, the pH of soil suspensions was not significantly affected by NTO in this concentration range. NTO experienced minimal adsorption, with measured adsorption coefficients being less than 1 cm3 g-1 for all studied soils. There was a highly significant inverse relationship between the measured NTO adsorption coefficients and soil pH (P = 0.00011), indicating the role of NTO and soil charge in adsorption processes. In kinetic experiments, 1st order transformation rate constant estimates ranged between 0.0004 h-1 and 0.0142 h-1 (equivalent to half-lives of 72 and 2 d, respectively), and correlated positively with organic carbon in the soil. Total attenuation of NTO was higher in untreated versus sterilized samples, suggesting that NTO was being biodegraded. The information presented herein can be used to help evaluate NTO potential for natural attenuation in soils.
AB - NTO (3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one) is one of the new explosive compounds used in insensitive munitions (IM) developed to replace traditional explosives, TNT and RDX. Data on NTO fate and transport is needed to determine its environmental behavior and potential for groundwater contamination. We conducted a series of kinetic and equilibrium batch experiments to characterize the fate of NTO in soils and the effect of soil geochemical properties on NTO-soil interactions. A set of experiments was also conducted using sterilized soils to evaluate the contribution of biodegradation to NTO attenuation. Measured pH values for NTO solutions decreased from 5.98 ± 0.13 to 3.50 ± 0.06 with increase in NTO concentration from 0.78 to 100 mg L-1. Conversely, the pH of soil suspensions was not significantly affected by NTO in this concentration range. NTO experienced minimal adsorption, with measured adsorption coefficients being less than 1 cm3 g-1 for all studied soils. There was a highly significant inverse relationship between the measured NTO adsorption coefficients and soil pH (P = 0.00011), indicating the role of NTO and soil charge in adsorption processes. In kinetic experiments, 1st order transformation rate constant estimates ranged between 0.0004 h-1 and 0.0142 h-1 (equivalent to half-lives of 72 and 2 d, respectively), and correlated positively with organic carbon in the soil. Total attenuation of NTO was higher in untreated versus sterilized samples, suggesting that NTO was being biodegraded. The information presented herein can be used to help evaluate NTO potential for natural attenuation in soils.
KW - Energetic materials
KW - Insensitive munitions
KW - NTO
KW - Soil adsorption
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84953792243&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84953792243&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.101
DO - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.101
M3 - Article
C2 - 26473550
AN - SCOPUS:84953792243
SN - 0045-6535
VL - 144
SP - 1249
EP - 1255
JO - Chemosphere
JF - Chemosphere
ER -