TY - JOUR
T1 - Abundance and possibilities of crAssphage and PMMoV as a viral indicator in raw sewage in wastewater treatment plants
AU - Djoulissa, Louis Jean
AU - Tandukar, Sarmila
AU - Schmitz, Bradley W.
AU - Innes, Gabriel K.
AU - Gerba, Charles P.
AU - Pepper, Ian L.
AU - Sherchan, Samendra P.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 Elsevier B.V.
PY - 2025/2/1
Y1 - 2025/2/1
N2 - Given their abundance in human fecal samples, crAssphage and Pepper Mild Mottle Virus (PMMoV) are proposed as indicators for human enteric viruses. This study measured crAssphage and PMMoV in raw sewage samples (n = 24) between June 2014 and May 2015 from two wastewater treatment facilities in southern Arizona, USA. Both crAssphage and PMMoV were detected in nearly 100% of samples. The greatest incidence of crAssphage typically occurred during late-winter to spring seasons, as concentrations reached 8.63 and 8.38 log10 copies/L in May and February. Meanwhile, PMMoV was significantly (p < 0.05) higher during the fall season, with concentrations at 8.69 and 9.12 log10 copies/L in September and October. Among the two tested indicators, a positive correlation (p < 0.05) was observed between PMMoV and tested human enteric viruses (norovirus genogroups I, II, adenovirus, and Aichi virus). Due to abundance, presence, and correlation with other viruses, PMMoV may be used as an appropriate indicator for human enteric viruses.
AB - Given their abundance in human fecal samples, crAssphage and Pepper Mild Mottle Virus (PMMoV) are proposed as indicators for human enteric viruses. This study measured crAssphage and PMMoV in raw sewage samples (n = 24) between June 2014 and May 2015 from two wastewater treatment facilities in southern Arizona, USA. Both crAssphage and PMMoV were detected in nearly 100% of samples. The greatest incidence of crAssphage typically occurred during late-winter to spring seasons, as concentrations reached 8.63 and 8.38 log10 copies/L in May and February. Meanwhile, PMMoV was significantly (p < 0.05) higher during the fall season, with concentrations at 8.69 and 9.12 log10 copies/L in September and October. Among the two tested indicators, a positive correlation (p < 0.05) was observed between PMMoV and tested human enteric viruses (norovirus genogroups I, II, adenovirus, and Aichi virus). Due to abundance, presence, and correlation with other viruses, PMMoV may be used as an appropriate indicator for human enteric viruses.
KW - Human enteric viruses
KW - PMMoV
KW - Raw sewage
KW - Wastewater
KW - crAssphage
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UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85215367805&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.178101
DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.178101
M3 - Article
C2 - 39826211
AN - SCOPUS:85215367805
SN - 0048-9697
VL - 963
JO - Science of the Total Environment
JF - Science of the Total Environment
M1 - 178101
ER -