@article{57213031f4ce425995504ee7b23c8d71,
title = "A new workflow for assigning removal credits to assess overall performance of managed aquifer recharge (MAR)",
abstract = "Pathogen removal in managed aquifer recharge (MAR) systems is dependent upon numerous operational, physicochemical water quality, and biological parameters. Due to the site-specific conditions affecting these parameters, guidelines for specifying pathogen removal have historically taken rather precautionary and conservative approaches in order to protect groundwater quality and public health. A literature review of regulated pathogens in MAR applications was conducted and compared to up-and-coming indicators and surrogates for pathogen assessment, all of which can be gathered into a toolbox from which regulators and operators alike can select appropriate pathogens for monitoring and optimization of MAR practices. Combined with improved knowledge of pathogen fate and transport obtained through lab- and pilot-scale studies and supported by modeling, this foundation can be used to select appropriate, site-specific pathogens for regarding a more efficient pathogen retention, ultimately protecting public health and reducing costs. This paper outlines a new 10 step-wise workflow for moving towards determining robust removal credits for pathogens based on risk management principles. This approach is tailored to local conditions while reducing overly conservative regulatory restrictions or insufficient safety contingencies. The workflow is intended to help enable the full potential of MAR as more planned water reuse systems are implemented in the coming years.",
keywords = "Guidelines, Log reduction credits, Managed aquifer recharge (MAR), Pathogen, Virus, Water reuse",
author = "Veronika Zhiteneva and Jeff Mosher and Gerba, {Charles P.} and Tanja Rauch-Williams and Drewes, {J{\"o}rg E.}",
note = "Funding Information: In order to provide a comprehensive assessment of pathogen removal efficacy during MAR, peer-reviewed literature was searched for using the Web of Science, Google Search, and PubMed. Material analyzed during this comprehensive review included peer-reviewed journal articles, books, proceedings of professional meetings (e.g., International Society for Subsurface Microbiology (ISSM), International Symposium on Managed Aquifer Recharge (ISMAR)), published scientific reports, and web-based tools to estimate pathogen inactivation during MAR. When available and accessible, unpublished information from U.S. utilities and the authors was also considered. The findings were also informed by regulators, practitioners, and consultants which attended an international and a North American expert workshop in 2020 as part of the research project {\textquoteleft}State-of-the-Science Review: Evidence for Pathogen Removal in Managed Aquifer Recharge Systems' funded by the Water Research Foundation (WRF). Funding Information: This paper is an outcome of the Water Research Foundation grant #4957 {\textquoteleft}State-of-the-Science Review: Evidence for Pathogen Removal in Managed Aquifer Recharge Systems.{\textquoteright} Many thanks to the experts who participated in the workshops in July and September 2020: Bob Hultquist, Channah Rock, Charles Bott, Chris Beegan, Christian Griebler, Ingrid Chorus, Sondra Klitzke, Hans-Christoph Selinka, Jack Schijven, Jeff Biggs, Margaret Snyder, Dan Quintanar, Jeffery Prevatt, Kyle Bibby, Lydia Peri, Manuel Argamasilla Ruiz, Mark LeChevallier, Megan Plumlee, Michael Jahne, Monica Emelko, Paul Rochelle, Pieter Stuyzand, Salini Sasidharan, Scott Bradford, Sharon Cole, Sharon Nappier, Simon Toze, Stefanie Huber, Tim aus der Beek, Vincent Hill, and Yoshi Tsunehara. Thank you also to Amos Branch and Katie Davis, as well as Bryan Trussell, Jason S. Dadakis, Jay Jasperse, Philip Berger, John Albert, and Julie Minton. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023",
year = "2023",
month = may,
day = "15",
doi = "10.1016/j.watres.2023.119836",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "235",
journal = "Water research",
issn = "0043-1354",
publisher = "Elsevier Limited",
}