@article{ae57867767804869b63197b235ca1c59,
title = "A New Crater Near InSight: Implications for Seismic Impact Detectability on Mars",
abstract = "A new 1.5 m diameter impact crater was discovered on Mars only ~40 km from the InSight lander. Context camera images constrained its formation between 21 February and 6 April 2019; follow-up High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment images resolved the crater. During this time period, three seismic events were identified in InSight data. We derive expected seismic signal characteristics and use them to evaluate each of the seismic events. However, none of them can definitively be associated with this source. Atmospheric perturbations are generally expected to be generated during impacts; however, in this case, no signal could be identified as related to the known impact. Using scaling relationships based on the terrestrial and lunar analogs and numerical modeling, we predict the amplitude, peak frequency, and duration of the seismic signal that would have emanated from this impact. The predicted amplitude falls near the lowest levels of the measured seismometer noise for the predicted frequency. Hence, it is not surprising this impact event was not positively identified in the seismic data. Finding this crater was a lucky event as its formation this close to InSight has a probability of only ~0.2, and the odds of capturing it in before and after images are extremely low. We revisit impact-seismic discriminators in light of real experience with a seismometer on the Martian surface. Using measured noise of the instrument, we revise our previous prediction of seismic impact detections downward, from ~a few to tens, to just ~2 per Earth year, still with an order of magnitude uncertainty.",
keywords = "InSight, Mars, crater, impact cratering, seismology",
author = "Daubar, {I. J.} and P. Lognonn{\'e} and Teanby, {N. A.} and Collins, {G. S.} and J. Clinton and S. St{\"a}hler and A. Spiga and F. Karakostas and S. Ceylan and M. Malin and McEwen, {A. S.} and R. Maguire and C. Charalambous and K. Onodera and A. Lucas and L. Rolland and J. Vaubaillon and T. Kawamura and M. B{\"o}se and A. Horleston and {van Driel}, M. and J. Stevanovi{\'c} and K. Miljkovi{\'c} and B. Fernando and Q. Huang and D. Giardini and Larmat, {C. S.} and K. Leng and A. Raj{\v s}i{\'c} and N. Schmerr and N. W{\'o}jcicka and T. Pike and J. Wookey and S. Rodriguez and R. Garcia and Banks, {M. E.} and L. Margerin and L. Posiolova and B. Banerdt",
note = "Funding Information: We thank the CTX and HiRISE operations teams for the initial identification of the site and careful and timely acquisition of the images used to make this discovery. We acknowledge NASA, CNES, their partner agencies and Institutions (UKSA, SSO, DLR, JPL, IPGP-CNRS, ETHZ, IC, and MPS-MPG), and the flight operations team at JPL, SISMOC, MSDS, IRIS-DMC, and PDS for acquiring and providing InSight data, including SEED SEIS data. We thank two anonymous reviewers for their constructive input. I.J.D. is supported by NASA InSight Participating Scientist grant 80NM0018F0612. N.A.T., J.W., and A.H. are supported by UK Space Agency grant ST/R002096/1. The French Team acknowledge the French Space Agency CNES and ANR (ANR-14-CE36-0012-02 and ANR-19-CE31-0008-08). The Swiss co-authors were jointly funded by (1) Swiss National Science Foundation and French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (SNF-ANR project 157133 Seismology on Mars), (2) Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SEFRI project MarsQuake Service-Preparatory Phase), and (3) ETH Research grant ETH-06 17-02. G.S.C. and N.W. are supported by STFC grants ST/S000615/1 and ST/S001514/1. K.M. and A.R. are fully supported by the Australian Research Council (DP180100661 and DE180100584). A part of the 3-D simulations in the supporting information was performed on the Earth Simulator of the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, another part on resources provided by the Los Alamos National Laboratory Computing Program supported by DOE. A portion of this research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This is InSight contribution number 104 and IPGP contribution 4152. Funding Information: We thank the CTX and HiRISE operations teams for the initial identification of the site and careful and timely acquisition of the images used to make this discovery. We acknowledge NASA, CNES, their partner agencies and Institutions (UKSA, SSO, DLR, JPL, IPGP‐CNRS, ETHZ, IC, and MPS‐MPG), and the flight operations team at JPL, SISMOC, MSDS, IRIS‐DMC, and PDS for acquiring and providing InSight data, including SEED SEIS data. We thank two anonymous reviewers for their constructive input. I.J.D. is supported by NASA InSight Participating Scientist grant 80NM0018F0612. N.A.T., J.W., and A.H. are supported by UK Space Agency grant ST/R002096/1. The French Team acknowledge the French Space Agency CNES and ANR (ANR‐14‐CE36‐0012‐02 and ANR‐19‐CE31‐0008‐08). The Swiss co‐authors were jointly funded by (1) Swiss National Science Foundation and French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (SNF‐ANR project 157133 Seismology on Mars), (2) Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SEFRI project MarsQuake Service‐Preparatory Phase), and (3) ETH Research grant ETH‐06 17‐02. G.S.C. and N.W. are supported by STFC grants ST/S000615/1 and ST/S001514/1. K.M. and A.R. are fully supported by the Australian Research Council (DP180100661 and DE180100584). A part of the 3‐D simulations in the supporting information was performed on the Earth Simulator of the Japan Agency for Marine‐Earth Science and Technology, another part on resources provided by the Los Alamos National Laboratory Computing Program supported by DOE. A portion of this research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This is InSight contribution number 104 and IPGP contribution 4152. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.",
year = "2020",
month = aug,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1029/2020JE006382",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "125",
journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets",
issn = "2169-9097",
number = "8",
}