TY - JOUR
T1 - A Model for Monocyte Migration Through the Blood-Brain Barrier during HIV-1 Encephalitis
AU - Persidsky, Yuri
AU - Stins, Monique
AU - Way, Dennis
AU - Witte, Marlys H.
AU - Weinand, Martin
AU - Kim, Kwang Sik
AU - Bock, Paul
AU - Gendelman, Howard E.
AU - Fiala, Milan
PY - 1997/4/1
Y1 - 1997/4/1
N2 - HIV-1 invades the central nervous system early during viral infection, but neurologic impairment usually occurs years later. The strongest predictor for clinical dementia is the absolute numbers of immunocompetent brain macrophages. Thus, how monocytes penetrate the brain during disease remains critical for understanding the neuropathogenic mechanisms of HIV-1 encephalitis. To these ends, we constructed an artificial blood-brain barrier (BBB) consisting of a matrix-coated membrane with brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVEC) on one side and astrocytes on the other. Astrocyte endfeet contacted the monolayer of BMVEC that formed tight junctions. To determine the role of viral and immune factors in monocyte penetration across the BBB, HIV-infected or uninfected monocytes with or without immune stimulation were placed onto the upper chamber of the BBB model system. Placement of immune-stimulated (LPS-treated) cells onto the BBB construct elicited gaps between BMVEC, with bulging of nuclear zones and increased numbers of vesicular Golgi complexes and endoplasmic reticulum. This correlated with a profound increase (up to 20-fold) in the number of migrating cells. Viral infection did not enhance monocyte migration. The activated monocytes showed increased numbers of philopodia, lysosomes, and vesicular Golgi complexes and expressed large levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10). These data suggest that a major mechanism for the transendothelial migration of monocytes during HIV encephalitis is the immune activation that accompanies viral infection of the central nervous system.
AB - HIV-1 invades the central nervous system early during viral infection, but neurologic impairment usually occurs years later. The strongest predictor for clinical dementia is the absolute numbers of immunocompetent brain macrophages. Thus, how monocytes penetrate the brain during disease remains critical for understanding the neuropathogenic mechanisms of HIV-1 encephalitis. To these ends, we constructed an artificial blood-brain barrier (BBB) consisting of a matrix-coated membrane with brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVEC) on one side and astrocytes on the other. Astrocyte endfeet contacted the monolayer of BMVEC that formed tight junctions. To determine the role of viral and immune factors in monocyte penetration across the BBB, HIV-infected or uninfected monocytes with or without immune stimulation were placed onto the upper chamber of the BBB model system. Placement of immune-stimulated (LPS-treated) cells onto the BBB construct elicited gaps between BMVEC, with bulging of nuclear zones and increased numbers of vesicular Golgi complexes and endoplasmic reticulum. This correlated with a profound increase (up to 20-fold) in the number of migrating cells. Viral infection did not enhance monocyte migration. The activated monocytes showed increased numbers of philopodia, lysosomes, and vesicular Golgi complexes and expressed large levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10). These data suggest that a major mechanism for the transendothelial migration of monocytes during HIV encephalitis is the immune activation that accompanies viral infection of the central nervous system.
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U2 - 10.4049/jimmunol.158.7.3499
DO - 10.4049/jimmunol.158.7.3499
M3 - Article
C2 - 9120312
AN - SCOPUS:0031114650
SN - 0022-1767
VL - 158
SP - 3499
EP - 3510
JO - Journal of Immunology
JF - Journal of Immunology
IS - 7
ER -