TY - JOUR
T1 - A country bug in the city
T2 - Urban infestation by the Chagas disease vector Triatoma infestans in Arequipa, Peru
AU - Delgado, Stephen
AU - Ernst, Kacey C.
AU - Pumahuanca, María Luz H.
AU - Yool, Stephen
AU - Comrie, Andrew C.
AU - Sterling, Charles R
AU - Gilman, Robert H.
AU - Náquira, César
AU - Levy, Michael Z.
N1 - Funding Information:
We gratefully acknowledge the invaluable contributions of the following institutions and individuals. The Gerencia Regional de Salud de Arequipa (GRSA) conducted vector surveillance and control and shared these data with us, and we are especially grateful to Juan G. Cornejo del Carpio and Fernando S. Málaga Chavez. The Chagas Disease Working Group in Arequipa, Peru conducted household georeferencing and assisted with database management. Dr. Denise Roe, Professor of Biostatistics at The University of Arizona, provided expert statistical consultation. The Ministerio de Salud del Perú (MINSA), Dirección General de Salud de las Personas (DGSP), Estrategia Sanitaria Nacional de Prevención y Control de Enfermedades Metaxénicas y Otras Transmitidas por Vectores (ESNPCEMOTVS), Dirección General de Salud Ambiental (DIGESA); Gobierno Regional de Arequipa; Pan American Health Organization (PAHO); and Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) provided financial, logistical, and technical support. We wish to thank the anonymous reviewers for their insightful and invaluable comments, questions, and suggestions. ASTER GDEM V2 is a product of METI and NASA. This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (http://nih.gov/; 5P50 AI074285-03 and 04, 3K01AI079162-02S1 to MZL, 5 T37 MD001427 to SD) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (http://www. niaid.nih.gov/; 1K01AI079162-03 and R01AI101229-01A1 to MZL).
PY - 2013/10/30
Y1 - 2013/10/30
N2 - Background: Interruption of vector-borne transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi remains an unrealized objective in many Latin American countries. The task of vector control is complicated by the emergence of vector insects in urban areas.Methods: Utilizing data from a large-scale vector control program in Arequipa, Peru, we explored the spatial patterns of infestation by Triatoma infestans in an urban and peri-urban landscape. Multilevel logistic regression was utilized to assess the associations between household infestation and household- and locality-level socio-environmental measures.Results: Of 37,229 households inspected for infestation, 6,982 (18.8%; 95% CI: 18.4 - 19.2%) were infested by T. infestans. Eighty clusters of infestation were identified, ranging in area from 0.1 to 68.7 hectares and containing as few as one and as many as 1,139 infested households. Spatial dependence between infested households was significant at distances up to 2,000 meters. Household T. infestans infestation was associated with household- and locality-level factors, including housing density, elevation, land surface temperature, and locality type.Conclusions: High levels of T. infestans infestation, characterized by spatial heterogeneity, were found across extensive urban and peri-urban areas prior to vector control. Several environmental and social factors, which may directly or indirectly influence the biology and behavior of T. infestans, were associated with infestation. Spatial clustering of infestation in the urban context may both challenge and inform surveillance and control of vector reemergence after insecticide intervention.
AB - Background: Interruption of vector-borne transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi remains an unrealized objective in many Latin American countries. The task of vector control is complicated by the emergence of vector insects in urban areas.Methods: Utilizing data from a large-scale vector control program in Arequipa, Peru, we explored the spatial patterns of infestation by Triatoma infestans in an urban and peri-urban landscape. Multilevel logistic regression was utilized to assess the associations between household infestation and household- and locality-level socio-environmental measures.Results: Of 37,229 households inspected for infestation, 6,982 (18.8%; 95% CI: 18.4 - 19.2%) were infested by T. infestans. Eighty clusters of infestation were identified, ranging in area from 0.1 to 68.7 hectares and containing as few as one and as many as 1,139 infested households. Spatial dependence between infested households was significant at distances up to 2,000 meters. Household T. infestans infestation was associated with household- and locality-level factors, including housing density, elevation, land surface temperature, and locality type.Conclusions: High levels of T. infestans infestation, characterized by spatial heterogeneity, were found across extensive urban and peri-urban areas prior to vector control. Several environmental and social factors, which may directly or indirectly influence the biology and behavior of T. infestans, were associated with infestation. Spatial clustering of infestation in the urban context may both challenge and inform surveillance and control of vector reemergence after insecticide intervention.
KW - Chagas disease
KW - Multilevel logistic regression
KW - Spatial analysis
KW - Triatoma infestans
KW - Urban infestation
KW - Vector control
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U2 - 10.1186/1476-072X-12-48
DO - 10.1186/1476-072X-12-48
M3 - Article
C2 - 24171704
AN - SCOPUS:84886449060
SN - 1476-072X
VL - 12
JO - International Journal of Health Geographics
JF - International Journal of Health Geographics
M1 - 48
ER -